{"id":6866,"date":"2013-03-12T10:00:51","date_gmt":"2013-03-12T10:00:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.espressoenglish.net\/?p=6866"},"modified":"2023-05-22T15:59:57","modified_gmt":"2023-05-22T20:59:57","slug":"past-modals-should-have-could-have-would-have","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.espressoenglish.net\/past-modals-should-have-could-have-would-have\/","title":{"rendered":"Past Modals: Should Have, Could Have, Would Have"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><center><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/gwGXqUKf_Xc?rel=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><a class=\"elementor-button rounded large blue\" href=\"https:\/\/espressoenglish.lpages.co\/advanced-english-grammar-course\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Advanced English Grammar Course<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/app.monstercampaigns.com\/c\/u4blp1g0ilu0fqwfrryj\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"elementor-button large green rounded\" style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Download 500+ English Phrases<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"text\"><\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10062\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10062\" style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10062 size-full\" title=\"Past Modals: Should Have, Could Have, Would Have\" src=\"https:\/\/www.espressoenglish.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/past-modals-in-english.jpg\" alt=\"Past modals in English\" width=\"160\" height=\"161\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10062\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;Past modals&#8221; or &#8220;modals of lost opportunity&#8221; are used to imagine that the past was different. <em>(Image: Photokanok, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.freedigitalphotos.net\/images\/Other_g374-Day_Dreaming_Young_Woman_p90102.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FreeDigitalPhotos.net<\/a>)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Should have, could have, and would have\u00a0are sometimes called &#8220;modals of lost opportunity&#8221; because they describe situations when we are imagining that the past was different.<\/p>\n<p>Before we study those terms in the past, let&#8217;s review the difference between\u00a0<strong>should, could,\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0<strong>would.\u00a0<\/strong>The general rule is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Should<\/strong> for recommendation \/ advice<br \/>\n<em>&#8220;If you want to lose weight, you should eat healthy food.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Could<\/strong> for possibilities<br \/>\n<em>&#8220;I have the day off tomorrow.&#8221;<\/em><br \/>\n<em>&#8220;Great! We could spend the day at the beach. Or we could go shopping.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Would<\/strong> for imagining results<br \/>\n<em>&#8220;If I were rich, I would buy a boat.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.espressoenglish.net\/difference-between-should-could-and-would\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Click here for more examples of the difference between should, could, and would.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The same general rule applies when using should have, could have, and would have for imaginary past situations.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Should Have<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Use should have to say that a different action was recommended in the past.<\/p>\n<p>If you arrive late to English class, you can say:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;I <strong>should have<\/strong> left my house earlier.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>If you regret an argument, you can say:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;I <strong>shouldn&#8217;t have<\/strong> yelled at you yesterday. I&#8217;m sorry.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>You can also use should have \/ shouldn&#8217;t have to tell other people that a different action in the past would have been better.\u00a0If your son fails a test, you can say:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;You <strong>should have<\/strong> studied. You <strong>shouldn&#8217;t have<\/strong> played video games all weekend.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Could Have<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Use could have to talk about possibilities if something had been different in the past.<\/p>\n<p>For example, someone who didn&#8217;t go to college can say:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;If I had gone to college, I <strong>could have<\/strong> gotten a better job.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>When talking about a gymnast who didn&#8217;t win a competition, you can say:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;She <strong>could have<\/strong> won the gold medal if she hadn&#8217;t fallen three times.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Could have is often used with &#8220;if + had + past participle&#8221; (If I had gone \/ if she hadn&#8217;t fallen) &#8211; these &#8220;if&#8221; phrases express the imaginary past situation.\u00a0However, in some cases you can use could have without the &#8220;if&#8221; phrase. Imagine you&#8217;re driving with a person who makes a dangerous maneuver on the road. You can say:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;Are you crazy? We <strong>could have<\/strong> gotten into an accident.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Would Have<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Use would have to imagine a <em>result<\/em> (if something had been different in the past):<\/p>\n<p>If you arrive late at the airport and miss your flight, you can say:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;If we had arrived earlier, we <strong>would have<\/strong> caught our flight.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>If you forget your umbrella, and it starts to rain, and you get wet, you can say:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;If I had brought my umbrella, I <strong>wouldn&#8217;t have<\/strong> gotten wet in the rain.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Would have<\/strong> expresses more certainty about the result than <strong>could have:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;If I had worked harder, I <strong>could have<\/strong> gotten a promotion.&#8221;<br \/>\n<em>(maybe I&#8217;d get a promotion&#8230; but maybe not)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>On a test where you need 70% to pass:<br \/>\n&#8220;I got a 68 on the test. If I had gotten two more points, I <strong>would have<\/strong> passed.&#8221;<br \/>\n<em>(with the two points, passing the test is CERTAIN)<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Spoken English<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In spoken English, many people say\u00a0<strong>should&#8217;ve, could&#8217;ve,\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0<strong>would&#8217;ve.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"alert\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Master the details of English grammar:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/espressoenglish.lpages.co\/advanced-english-grammar-course\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-10865\" src=\"https:\/\/www.espressoenglish.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/aegc.png\" alt=\"aegc-transparent\" width=\"449\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><center><a class=\"elementor-button rounded large blue\" href=\"https:\/\/espressoenglish.lpages.co\/advanced-english-grammar-course\/\"><strong>Learn more about this course<\/strong><\/a><\/center><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Advanced English Grammar Course Download 500+ English Phrases Should have, could have, and would have\u00a0are sometimes called &#8220;modals of lost opportunity&#8221; because they describe situations when we are imagining that the past was different. Before we study those terms in the past, let&#8217;s review the difference between\u00a0should, could,\u00a0and\u00a0would.\u00a0The general rule is: Should for recommendation \/ [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[86,65,170],"class_list":["post-6866","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-grammar","tag-english-grammar","tag-modals","tag-past-modals"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Past Modals: Should Have, Could Have, Would Have<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Should have, could have, and would have\u00a0are sometimes called &quot;modals of lost opportunity.&quot; Learn these modals in English grammar.\" \/>\n<meta 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